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Navigating government benefit programs can be overwhelming for individuals with disabilities and their families. Understanding the available options and eligibility requirements is the first step toward securing essential support.
Below is an overview of government programs that may be available to individuals with a disability, eligibility basics, and where to find more information.
Supplemental Security Income (SSI)
SSI is a federal income supplement program that provides monthly payments to eligible individuals to help meet basic needs for food and shelter. SSI payments are set by the federal government each calendar year. They are adjusted annually based on the cost of living. Payments may differ slightly by state as some states add to the payments.
Eligibility:
- Individual must be age 65 or older, blind, or have a disability that is expected to last more than 12 months or result in death.
- Must meet SSI income and resource limits (under $2,000 is most states).
- For children under age 18, eligibility is based on their income and resources, as well as the income and resources of certain family members living in the child’s household.
- For adults aged 18 or older, eligibility is only based on the individual’s own income and assets, and their spouse, if married.
To learn more, visit the Social Security Administration (SSA) website.
Social Security Disability Insurance (SSDI)
SSDI is a federal insurance program that provides monthly payments to eligible individuals who are unable to work or limited in their ability to work due to a long-term disability. The program is based on the individual’s own work record and contributions to Social Security.
Eligibility:
- Individual must be age 18 or older up to their full retirement age. (Disability benefits convert to retirement benefits once full retirement age is reached.)
- Must have a qualifying disability, as defined by the SSA, that affects their ability to work for a year or more, or results in death. Individuals who are working may still apply if they meet the income guidelines, known as “substantial gainful activity” (SGA).
- Meet the SSA’s work credits eligibility requirements.
Childhood Disability Benefits (CDB)
CDB, formally known as Disabled Adult Child (DAC) benefits, is a type of SSDI benefit that pays a child with a disability based on a parent’s Social Security record, not their own work history.
The child must not have ever had income above SGA limits, which are $1,620 in 2025. The benefits are paid based on the parent's earnings record.
Eligibility:
- The CDB may be a biological child, adopted child, or, in some cases, a stepchild, grandchild, or step grandchild
- Must be unmarried. In most cases, CDB benefits end if the adult child gets married. There may be exceptions, such as marriage to another CDB recipient. The rules vary depending on the situation.
- Individual must be age18 or older.
- Must have a qualifying disability that started before age 22 and meet the definition of disability for adults.
- There are three life events of the parent that could trigger the CDB:
- Premature death
- Disability
- Receiving Social Security retirement
- Must meet income guidelines.
Here’s an important point: Don’t miss a benefit.
A child already receiving SSI benefits or SSDI benefits on their own record should explore the possibility of benefit eligibility through the CDB. Conceivably, a child could receive benefits from both programs. At age 18, eligibility for CDB benefits should be considered. An individual may be entitled to SSI, SSDI, and CDB benefits if they meet the qualifications. In this case, the SSA will pay the benefit that provides the higher monthly payment for all eligible programs.
Visit the Benefits for Children with Disabilities section to learn more.
Medicaid and Medicaid waivers
Medicaid is a needs-based health insurance program, jointly funded by the federal government and the state, and is administered by each state. It covers medical costs for low-income individuals, including children with disabilities. Rules vary by state, and eligibility is generally determined using SSI income methodologies.
Medicaid waiver programs allow states to “waive” certain requirements, allowing the state to provide care for individuals who might not otherwise be eligible under Medicaid. State Medicaid waivers can help provide long-term services and support to eligible dependents with special needs who need assistance. Medicaid waiver programs vary significantly by state.
More information is available on the Medicaid website as well as information about Medicaid programs by state.
Children’s Health Insurance Program (CHIP)
CHIP is also jointly funded by the federal government and the state and is administered by each state. It provides low-cost health coverage for children in families with incomes just above the Medicaid eligibility limits but too low to afford private or group health plan coverage.
Rules vary by state. Contact your state Medicaid Agency for more information or click here for more information on CHIP programs in your state.
Children and Youth with Special Health Care Needs (CYSHCN) program
CYSHCN programs are funded by the federal government through Title V of the Social Security Act and are administered by state health agencies. CYSHCN programs define children with special health care needs as those who have or are at increased risk for chronic physical, developmental, behavioral, or emotional conditions. These children require a greater type or amount of health and related services. Rules vary by state.
Check with your local state health department for more information.
Educational services
Children with disabilities are entitled to free and appropriate public education under the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA). Educational services can include special education classes, therapy services, and assistive technology devices. These services can help children with disabilities succeed in school and reach their full potential.
Conclusion
Understanding the range of government benefit programs available to individuals with disabilities is essential for accessing the support you need, even though the process can sometimes seem complicated.
From SSI and SSDI to Medicaid, CHIP, CYSHCN, and educational services, each benefit offers unique resources to help families meet medical, financial, and daily living needs. Eligibility rules and application processes may vary by state and program, so it’s important to research them thoroughly and consult local agencies or trusted advisors.
Remember that securing these benefits is not just about meeting immediate needs — it’s about building a stable foundation for your loved one’s future. Take advantage of the resources and links provided, reach out to your state agencies, and consider working with professionals who specialize in special-needs planning. With the right information and support, you can confidently advocate for the well-being and security of those you care for.
A MassMutual Special Care Planner can help guide you through how these programs can fit into an overall holistic plan to help take care of your family and loved ones.
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