6 year-end tax-planning strategies

This article will ... Explain when you might accelerate income or deductions to minimize your year-end tax liability.  Help you determine if harvesting losses to offset capital gains makes sense for you.   Tell you how much you can contribute this year tax-deferred to your retirement accounts.

Tax planning may well be a year-round job, but the fourth and final quarter of the year is where the rubber meets the road.

Many of the most common year-end tax planning strategies used for lowering one’s annual tax bite take weeks or months to execute and must be implemented by Dec. 31. (Contributions to a traditional IRA are the notable exception, as prior-year contributions can be made all the way up to the tax-filing deadline of the following year.)

The strategies that some financial professionals suggest include:

• Accelerating or deferring income/deductions as appropriate.
• Harvesting investment losses or gains.
• Contributing to your 401(k).
• Making required minimum distributions from your IRA, if you are older than age 72.

“Any tax planning that has an end-of-year deadline should be set up and processed by mid-December,” said Nancy Coutu, a principal with and cofounder of Money Managers Financial Group in Chicago. “There is no recourse if you miss the window.”

Review income

For many people, the starting point for year-end tax planning is calculating their projected income for the current year and comparing it with the previous year. This review is especially important for those whose take-home pay fluctuates, like independent contractors, small-business owners, or commission-based sales people.

Many people saw their tax bill go down in the wake of the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2018. In fact, most taxpayers no longer itemize due to the generous standard deductions — $27,700 for married filing jointly and $13,850 for single filers in tax year 2023. Those figures climb to $29.200 and $14,600 respectively in 2024. Also, the once dreaded alternative minimum tax (AMT) has been modified so that most taxpayers won’t be affected.

Many people lean on a tax specialist or financial professional to help analyze income and maximize deductions, but don’t wait for the last minute to seek their advice, said Coutu. (Need advice? Contact us)

“With holidays and weekends, along with millions of these types of transactions taking place at the same time, there is too much room for errors and little time to correct them,” she said.

Delay income or accelerate tax deductions

Those who earned more income this year may be able to lower their tax liability by accelerating deductions and deferring compensation income where possible.

For cash-basis taxpayers who report income and deductions in the year they are received, which is the case for most employees, some payroll departments may be willing to distribute year-end bonuses on or after Jan. 1, 2024. Additionally, it may be possible to exercise nonqualified stock options next year instead of this year.

Those who invoice for services rendered may also wish to hold off for an extra couple of weeks to ensure that payment will be received in the new year.

Another tactic some people use to potentially lower their tax bill, if they are charitably inclined, is to donate appreciated stock or securities to a qualified charity, which generally yields a tax deduction equal to the full market value (up to certain limits) as long as the asset was owned for at least a year. (Learn more: Using life insurance for charity)

Additionally, some taxpayers accelerate deductions they would normally take next year to the last few weeks of December, such as estimated state income tax bills or January property tax bills. Be aware that under the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act, which took effect in 2018, a taxpayer’s deduction for state and local income, sales, and property taxes is limited to a combined total deduction of $10,000, or $5,000 if married filing separately. Any amount above that limit is not deductible.

Yet another way to potentially lower taxable income is to harvest any losses they may have in an investment portfolio to offset capital gains. The IRS allows taxpayers to offset all capital gains in a portfolio in a given year with their investment losses. Any excess loss can be used to offset ordinary income up to $3,000 per year ($1,500 for married individuals who file separately) until the loss is used up.¹

Investors should be cautious about using this strategy, tax professionals point out.

“You wouldn’t want to sell an investment you would otherwise want to hang on to just to claim the loss,” said Mark Luscombe, a certified public accountant and attorney, and principal federal tax analyst for Wolters Kluwer Tax & Accounting, a tax, accounting and auditing services firm in Riverwoods, Illinois. The sale must make sense for your overall investment strategy, he said in an interview.

Investors also need to be aware of the wash sale rule. Taxpayers cannot claim a deduction when they sell or trade stocks at a loss and then repurchase those shares (or a substantially identical security) within 30 days before or after that date.

Accelerate income or delay deductions

The reverse is true for those who anticipate a higher tax bill next year. In that case, it may make sense to accelerate income this year and delay generating deductions, which could have greater value in tax year 2024, said Coutu. (Learn more: 5 overlooked tax deductions and credits)

For example, a taxpayer may be able to collect on debts and accounts receivable owed, settle any taxable lawsuits or insurance claims, or take distributions from an IRA or retirement plan (if the circumstances are such that it will not produce an early withdrawal penalty).

Taxpayers can also consider postponing charitable gifts until next year (to save the deduction for when it’s needed more), or pay December’s deductible expenses on Jan. 1, 2024, assuming they can do so without late payment penalties.

Similarly, in a lower tax bracket year, it may make sense for individuals to sell highly appreciated stocks, bonds, funds, and other assets (that no longer fit with investment goals) to harvest capital gains.

Fund your 401(k), 403(b), and 457 plans

One of the more common ways people lower their tax liability is to increase contributions to a tax-deferred retirement savings plan, like 401(k), 403(b), or 457 plans.(Learn more: How to increase your wealth and net worth)

If payroll deductions are not on track to take 401(k) contributions to the limit, which is $22,500 for tax-year 2023 and $23,000 for 2024, a taxpayer could adjust his or her elective deferral higher for the remaining weeks of the year. Those 50 or older can make additional catch-up contributions of $6,500 in 2023 and $7.000 in 2024.²

Those who can’t afford to max their account should not despair. Even a small increase in annual contributions can potentially boost their savings, especially if their retirement savings plan involves an employer’s matching contribution. Plus, of course, there is an immediate tax benefit for your contribution. (Calculator: How much should I save for my retirement?)

Watch Your RMDs

Sometimes, the best way to minimize a tax bill is by dodging avoidable penalties.

Those age 73 or older are required to start taking minimum distributions every year from most tax-deferred accounts, including their traditional IRA and 401(k).³ (Learn more: Turning 73? Required minimum distributions explained)

In most cases, the deadline for taking an RMD is Dec. 31. An exception is made for those taking their first RMD, in which case they have until April 1 of the year after they reach 73 to take their distribution. That age limit for RMDs climbs to 75 effective January 1, 2033. (Those who do so, however, will need to take two RMDs that first year, one for the prior year, and one for the current year.)

Failure to take an RMD, or the full amount, by the appropriate deadline will result in a hefty 50 percent excise tax on the amount not withdrawn.

Put more simply, if you were required to take out a minimum $5,000 from an IRA, but missed the deadline, you would owe the IRS $2,500, plus the ordinary income tax owed on the RMD because the contributions were originally made on a pretax basis.

For the ultimate tax deduction, some also consider donating their RMD to charity.

“If you are making charitable contributions this year, consider contributing your RMD directly to a qualified charity in order to avoid paying income taxes on the distribution, up to $100,000,” said Coutu, noting tax-free gifts yield a bigger benefit for both the donor and the charity. “To make sure that the transaction is completed prior to the end-of-year deadline, allow extra time for the transaction to be completed.”

Health plan tactics

For those who pay for an individual or family high-deductible health insurance plan that qualifies for a health savings account, there is also the potential to roll over money tax free from an IRA to fund the HSA, said Coutu. (Related: HSA basics)

Generally, that only makes sense if the taxpayer has no other funds with which to make an HSA contribution. Otherwise, they would typically be better off leaving their IRA untouched and funding their health savings account with deductible contributions from other income.

The contribution limit is $3,650 for an individual and $7,750 for a family in tax year 2023 and $8,300 for 2024. (That limit is $1,000 higher for those 55 or older.) To qualify, the deductible has to be at least $1,500 for an individual or $3,300 for a family.

“You can then get this money out tax free from the HSA if used for medical expenses,” she said, noting that such rollovers can only be done once in a lifetime.

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This article was originally published in October, 2016. It has been updated.

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